This paper critiques the theory of hegemonic masculinity as being, first, incorrect at its core, and second of being a one-dimensional understanding of masculinity. Society associates femininity with weakness, whilst associating masculinity with greatness. [46], Hegemonic masculinity has been used in education studies to understand the dynamics of classroom life, including patterns of resistance and bullying among boys. Finally I will finish by looking at the main advantages and disadvantages of this change in masculinity in recent decades looking also at how it has changed the sociology of family. H. H. Oxford University Press, Oxford. In addition, proudly serving conscription in a difficult unit and showing attachment to the nationalist ideals were the pinnacle attributes of the post-war male. In Michael Kimmels 2008 publication Bros Before Hos: The Guy Code, he talks about how men believe manhood is really achieved. The continuous and stereotypical depiction of masculinity in the media has idealized invulnerability, toughness and physical strength as the sole qualities of a true man. These advantages or benefits can be described as: Absence of business fluctuations, Absence of monopolistic practices, People have the say, People's rights, Planned economy. The female companion to hegemonic masculinity. (2001) Connells Concept of Hegemonic Masculinity: A Critique. Ignacio CF, Cerdeira L, Cislaghi B, Lauro G, Buller AM. [11] It also affects the construct and perception of the idealised male body from an exclusively Western perspective. We're supposed to be sexually aggressive with women. [23] To Whitehead the concept fails to specify how and why some heterosexual men legitimate, reproduce, and generate their dominance and do so as a social minority since they are outnumbered by women and other men they dominate. Change in locally specific constructions of hegemonic masculinity has been a consistent theme of masculinity research, but given the growing attention to globalization, the significance of transnational arenas for the construction of masculinity has also been argued. Joining the army is considered a noble act for men, which military movies, advertisements, and video games reinforce. If a man does not play through a concussion, he risks being blamed for the team's loss, or labelled as effeminate. xo{h"R(oE6}:aoxQvg9I~"@-Qxx9?0{nav~w{}bo?REif_QUXj)l)gk/o|g_/0qY*g}"?G:fV5_~C^iV&2SuQYmgg,|f|wp7.mW4h,c|Z90v{6;vVo27E5m_0F]
>^ U]F$pOtv=([xa=~nz`b5#nI_'KW|*)PW)[#;k 0[e=ik-}XEUoyq5hYXO>uJub!-D5FP GPIO4H 5m6z+le\(@1y t =+k[Xp#v,YbD3J{ML CdOX/mIWnK$h n~Et@b>2ZH-Jd"jN$a H_H5d#z *. [72] Therefore, masculinity is reproduced and adapted through a co-constitutive relationship with militarism and nationalism. This form of masculinity cannot be a source of any conflicts. .99. Le concept a une application pratique considrable dans le dveloppement dune praxis durable dinterventions thoriquement ancres qui sont plus susceptibles davoir un effet persistant, mais lvaluation dun changement socital plus large dans la masculinit hgmonique reste un dfi qui perdure. Hegemonic masculinity is defined as a brand of masculinity that privileges a research as a Kenyan in Zimbabwe had both its advantages and disadvantages. In women it gives expression to a rejection of their feminine condition, the consequence of a devalorization of girls in their family or cultural milieu and the choice of a masculine ideal in the formation of their guiding fiction. This paper provides an assessment of this scholarship and argues that whilst Connell and others have usefully identified the gendered nature of globalization, masculinity scholars have also provided a somewhat limiting account of the global hegemonic role of a monolithic top-down 'transnational business masculinity'. Cambridge: Polity; 2002. Heterosexual men and boys with effeminate characteristics ran the risk of being scorned as well. 3 0 obj
Telekom Festnetz Tarife, I Love To Laugh. [73], Hooper discusses how military combat has been fundamental to the very composition of masculinity "symbolically, institutionally", and culturally through body shape. Originally, hegemonic masculinity was understood as the pattern of practice that allowed men's dominance over women to continue. The underlying concept of masculinity has been argued as flawed from both a realist and a poststructuralist point of view. Hegemonically masculine practices are so normalized they are not only invisible to many people but also the way in which we conduct our lives. Advantages and Disadvantages Hegemonic masculinity can be seen as a key risk factor associated Protest masculinity have disciplined protest masculinity that control and functions. The concept of hegemonic masculinity helped in theorizing the relationship among masculinities and a variety of crimes. 2015 Apr 18;385(9977):1580-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61683-4. Oftentimes bullying is motivated by social constructs and generalized ideas of what a young man should be. [5] However, many sociologists criticized that definition of hegemonic masculinity as a fixed character-type, which is analytically limited, because it excludes the complexity of different, and competing, forms of masculinity. Despite this, there are societal and personal definitions of what it means to be masculine and how masculinities can be performed, however, most men aspire towards hegemonic masculinity (Carrigan et al., 2004; Connell and Messerschmidt, 2005). This ideology, referred to as hegemonic complicity, can be measured across four dimensions: ideal type masculinity, hierarchical ranking of self and others, subordination of women, and the subordination of woman like behavior (Levy 2005). Si les militants pour lgalit des genres et les autres personnes engages pour changer les relations entre hommes et femmes ont mobilis le concept de masculinit hgmonique dans les interventions, les liens entre la thorie du genre et le militantisme nont gure t explors. Yet still since men benefit from the patriarchal dividend, they generally gain from the overall subordination of women. Additionally homophobic ideals were commonplace and further subordinated men in these positions. (1978) Emotional Intimacy Among Men. Traditional Hegemonic Definition of Masculinity (THDM) is a wordy way of describing the external expectations of men that society places on us. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. quickly slides in Connell's analysis toward its meaning as the In response to the adverse connotations surrounding the concept, Richard Collier[27] remarks that hegemonic masculinity is solely associated with negative characteristics that depict men as unemotional (see affect display), aggressive, independent, and non-nurturing without recognizing positive behaviours such as bringing home a wage or being a father. 3. Advantages andDisadvantages Lack of life optionsand choices drastically reduces the degree of individual freedomin deciding the life. The interplay of gender with class and race creates more extensive relationships among masculinities. [35] Bullying is another avenue in which young men assert their dominance over less "masculine" boys. [44] Boys in their adolescence are pressured to act masculine in order to fit the hegemonic ideals, yet the possibility of suffering long-term psychological damage as a result looms overhead.[45]. Hybrid masculinity is the use of aspects of marginalized gender expressions in the gender performance or identity of privileged men. We have to show we're tough enough to inflict physical pain and take it in turn. [citation needed] In the article, the psychologist James Asbrand, who specializes in post-traumatic stress disorder, explains: "The rape of a male soldier has a particular symbolism. Assessing Change and Processes of Change in Elite Masculinity, 17001900", "Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept", "(Re)Building the Beard? The ideals of manhood espoused by the dominant masculinity suggested a number of characteristics that men are encouraged to internalize into their own personal codes and which form the basis for masculine scripts of behaviour. Gender; hegemonic masculinity; interventions. [3] Many men who hold great social power do not embody other aspects of ideal masculinity. Hegemonic masculinity then positions some boys, and all girls, as subordinate or inferior to others. . Hegemonic masculinity is an established form of existence that is accepted and idealized in society, emphasizing the historical and established (according to space and time) nature of masculinity, which is at the top of the social hierarchy (Carrigan, Connell & Lee, 1985). [33], New theory has recognized the layering and potential internal contradictions within all practices that construct masculinities. Justin Bieber Yourself. "[71] This has troubling implications for the continuation of war, and for the enshrinement of masculine norms. Actively participate in the initiative 8. [65][66], Hegemonic masculinity has proved significant in organizational studies as the gendered character of workplaces and bureaucracies has been increasingly recognized. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. With the dominant mode of hegemonic masculinity valuing emotionlessness, invulnerability, toughness, and risk-taking, concussions have become normalized. Toxic masculinity dictates that the only emotion men can express is anger, which can hinder men from getting in touch . Connell first proposed the concept of hegemonic masculinity in field reports from a study of social inequality in Australian high schools;[7] in a related conceptual discussion of the making of masculinities and the experiences of men's bodies;[8] and in a debate over the role of men in Australian labour politics. Longman, New York. Gender Norms and Beliefs, and Men's Violence Against Women in Rural Bangladesh. The concept of hegemonic masculinity has been used in gender studies since the early-1980s to explain men's power over women. This chapter presents findings and literature relating to masculinities, sexualities, and male rape, using theoretical frameworks, such as hegemonic masculinity, to discuss particular themes that have emerged from the data relating to gender, masculinities, and sexualities. [36], A lifespan perspective must be considered when discussing gender normalization. Hegemonic Masculinity can also be internalized and lead to Toxic behaviors. Social Science, Gender Theory, and the History of Hair", "Some thoughts on some histories of some masculinities: Jews and other others", "Negotiating hegemonic masculinity: Imaginary positions and psycho-discursive practices", "Hegemonic and subordinated masculinities: Class, violence and sexual performance among young Mozambican men", "Snow White in Hellenic primary classrooms: children's responses to non-traditional gender discourses", "Playing in the gender transgression zone: Race, class, and hegemonic masculinity in middle childhood", "When bodies are weapons: Masculinity and violence in sport", International Review for the Sociology of Sport, "Man points: masculine capital and young men's health", "Boys and literacy: Exploring the construction of hegemonic masculinities and the formation of literate capacities for boys in the English classroom", "Redesigning men: Hegemonic masculinity in transition", "Gender identities at the crossroads of masculinity and physical disability", "Hegemonic masculinity, structural violence and health inequalities", "Managing to kill: Masculinities and the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion", Invisibilia: How Learning To Be Vulnerable Can Make Life Safer, "How Trump's 'Toxic Masculinity' Is Bad for Other Men", "Hybrid Masculinities: New Directions in the Sociology of Men and Masculinities", "Hybrid Masculinity and Young Men's Circumscribed Engagement in Contraceptive Management", "Social scientific paradigms of masculinity and their implications for research and practice in men's mental health", "Measurement of masculinity ideologies: A (critical) review", Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them! In gender studies, hegemonic masculinity is part of R. W. Connell's gender order theory, which recognizes multiple masculinities that vary across time, society, culture, and the individual. In the 21st century, there has been a movement, a drive in the more socially aware sections of the world to equalize or balance out masculinity and femininity. Hence, main stream feminism is so focused on emancipating women by encouraging them to let go of the weaker feminine qualities and roles and fit themselves in a Mans world by embracing masculinity. eCollection 2022. Hierarchical ranking of oneself and others is perhaps the least studied component of hegemonic masculinity as an ideology. [63] In fact, men who adhere to the masculine norm of stoicism have difficulty in identifying grief, sadness, or a depressed mood, some of the conventional diagnostic symptoms of depression. 6. European Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences. [29] He identifies two forms of hegemony, internal and external. 'In a hyper masculine culture, what's the worst thing you can do to another man?' As an ideology, hegemonic masculinity structures the manner in which all people experience and thereby know their world, although those experiences vary as both men and women are differentially situated by race, class, and sexuality. [3] One area of focus may represent that of Western fathers given the gender division of labour in child care, the "long hours culture" of professions and management, and the preoccupation of rich fathers with managing their wealth. [3] Wetherell and Edley argue that hegemonic masculinity cannot be understood as the characteristics that constitute any group of men. Intersections between disability, masculinities, and violence: experiences and insights from men with physical disabilities from three African countries. 2022 Jun 6;13:886444. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886444. 2. Sociohistorical Analysis of Normative Standards of Masculinity in the Pandemic of COVID-19: Impacts on Men's Health/Mental Health. Disadvantages of hegemony: The disadvantages work against a nation's development. Step-by-step guide to Gender Equality Training Preparation phase 1. The female companion to hegemonic masculinity. Before going into detail about masculinity and how it has changed by looking at theories of fatherhood, work, and unemployment and Hegemonic masculinity. This hegemonic masculinity is defined as a, Pascoe claims that masculinizing discourses and practices extend beyond male bodies, and that the fluid practices, rituals, and discourses that make up masculinity can be enacted by and affect males and females, and a multiplicity of institutions (9). Hegemonic masculinity affects international relations, domestic politics, military practices; education and sport; corporate governance and the emergence of transnational business masculinities, just to give a few examples. Media reinforces Toxic Masculinity which in turn causes men to belittle women. Another example is that of "protest masculinity", in which local working-class settings, sometimes involving ethnically marginalized men, embodies the claim to power typical of regional hegemonic masculinities in Western countries, but lack the economic resources and institutional authority that underpins the regional and global patterns. eCollection 2022. For example, new information technology has redefined middle-class masculinities and working-class masculinities in different ways. In this way hegemony is not gained through necessarily violent or forceful means, but it is achieved through culture, institutions, and persuasions.[3]. Connell posits four types of masculinities, more as positions in relation to one another than as personality types: hegemonic, complicit, subordinated, and marginalized. The 1995 documentary The Celluloid Closet discusses the depictions of homosexuals throughout film history. quickly slides in Connells analysis toward its meaning as the dominant masculinity and how an actual group of businessmen embodies this dominant positioning. This slippage is problematic because it fixes hegemonic masculinity to person-ality types of a group of men. This is opposite of what's seen in most animals where male species work on their looks to attract females. [64] Recognition of weakness would be a recognition of femininity, and as such, men distract themselves, avoid the problem, or get angry one of the few emotions permissible under hegemonic masculine norms when depressive symptoms surface. The concept of hegemonic masculinity has been used in gender studies since the early-1980s to explain men's power over women. Jack Morrissey Twitter Disney, "[79] The term was introduced to describe the contemporary trend of men taking on politics and perspectives historically understood as "emasculating. [52] Regarding costs and consequences, research in criminology showed how particular patterns of aggression were linked with hegemonic masculinity, not because criminals already had dominant positions, but because they were pursuing them.[53]. Weber, M. (1946) Essays in Sociology. [77][78] Scholars note that "although 'softer' and more 'sensitive' styles of masculinity are developing among some privileged groups of men, this does not necessarily contribute to the emancipation of women; in fact, quite the contrary may be true. [54] Portrayals of masculinity in men's lifestyle magazines have been studied and researchers found elements of hegemonic masculinity woven throughout them. [39] Teachers have a large role in reinforcing gender stereotypes by limiting children's choices at this young age, thus not allowing boys to explore their feelings or their understandings about gender freely. Masculine protest is a concept described by Alfred Adler. 1-Page summary .99. Previous scholars (Lewis 1978) spoke of competition as a restrictive component of masculinity or as a barrier to meaningful interaction. [75][bettersourceneeded], According to Terry Kupers, toxic masculinity serves to outline aspects of hegemonic masculinity that are socially destructive, "such as misogyny, homophobia, greed, and violent domination". ": Everyday Talk and the Continuum of Men's Violence Against Women in Forensic Institutional Care. 57, no. Keywords: [35] Conflicts and disagreements between boys are resolved by name-calling and teasing, physical aggression, and exclusion from the group. This new emphasis on gender hierarchy seeks to take a more relational approach to women as well. The pattern of embodiment involved in hegemony has been recognized in the earliest formulations of the concept but called for more theoretical attention. Epub 2017 Feb 3. This means that hegemonic masculinity has specific forms of masculinity, and those that do not embody the most aligned societal forms of masculinity are seen as less than or "others" (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005). Although hegemonic masculinity is, as the name suggests, a bad thing in itself, toxic masculinity is, as the name tells you, really bad. Protest masculinity, men can express theirfeelings. Inspired by Gramsci's differentiation between hegemony as a form of ideological consent and dominance as an expression of conflict, Christian Groes-Green[25] has argued that when hegemonic masculinities are challenged in a society dominant masculinities are emerging based on bodily powers, such as violence and sexuality, rather than based on economic and social powers. *Hegemonic Masculinity is traditionally understood as a fundamental foundation of a fathering identity, serving to legitimate a socially valued form of masculinity. Front Psychol. R. Connell, A Very Straight Gay: Masculinity, Homosexual Experience, and the Dynamics of Gender, American Sociological Review, vol. As a consequence, males from their earliest days are taught how to act and speak varying very much from females. Desde principios de los ochenta se ha utilizado el concepto de masculinidad hegemnica en los estudios sobre los diferentes sexos para explicar el poder de los hombres sobre las mujeres. Things like 'the devaluation of women, homophobia and wanton violence'. 10, Argentina square, Alvand street, 29th alley, Tehran, Iran. Hegemonic masculinity has also been employed in studying media representations of men. [3] Sigmund Freud produced the first analytic biographies of men and showed how adult personality was a system under tension and the psychoanalyst Robert J. Stoller[17] popularized the concept of gender identity and mapped its variation in boys' development. The last, and perhaps the most decisive category for us, is that of complicitmasculinity. According to men, it's way harder for them to get laid than it is for us ladies. 2022 Apr 10;22(1):705. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13137-5. As a result, the complexity of masculinity is flattened, and immense pressures are placed on individuals to meet requirements that are entirely faulty. Heart Skipping Beats Frequently. Groups can contest marginalization when they seek authorization by making the claim: Im a man, too.. de Sousa AR, Moreira WC, da Silva Santana T, Arajo IFM, Borges CCL, Almeida S, das Mercs MC, da Silva RAR, Teixeira JRB, Loureno LG, Gomes NP, de Santana Carvalho ES, de Sousa FL, de Almeida LCG, Viana LVM, Pereira . Proponents of the concept of hegemonic masculinity argue that it is conceptually useful for understanding gender relations, and is applicable to life-span development, education, criminology, the representations of masculinity in the mass communications media, the health of men and women, and the functional structure of organizations. Gender hierarchy seeks to explain not only why men hold a superior position to women but how each group influences the other. Gender and Society 12: 472-4. [49] and emotional education programs for boys. Early criticisms of the concept raised the question of who actually represents hegemonic masculinity. Society should not base masculinity with these traits since it is learned by observation and demonstration, and this leads men to disconnect their emotions. In presenting the term, Connell demonstrates the essentialistic, a historical, and normative liabilities in previous mens studies scholarship. [71] It was believed that the Vietcong, often categorized "as a bunch of women and children", had humiliated and emasculated America. Complicity to the aforementioned masculine characteristics was another key feature of the original framework of hegemonic masculinity. Drawing on these two bodies of literature, I pro- In Jackson Katz's film Tough Guise: Violence, Media & the Crisis in Masculinity, he asserts: We can't show any emotion except anger. Before going into detail about masculinity and how it has changed by looking at theories of fatherhood, work, and unemployment and Hegemonic masculinity. There are various manifestations of this theory, from the fundamentalist theology to brutish locker-room sexism, but the answer to them all is the same. 57, no. Hierarchical ranking is a process in which men compare themselves and others actively and incessantly to their general or con textual ideal type. The many seemingly innocuous taunts of Be a man or What are you, a fag? are in reality active gender policing in which the fear of subordination, the loss of legitimacy, and the fall from complicity are actively enacted. At the beginning of Reagans presidency, males were considered soft and thus Reagan endeavoured to bring back traditional values of masculinity and gender roles and as such became the masculine archetype of the 1980s (Vogel, 2015, p. 464-473). These rules are taught as early as their toddler years. Aqu demostramos cmo ha servido este concepto en Sudfrica y Suecia para crear intervenciones sexuales de base terica y asegurar que los hombres participen en acciones sociales ms amplias para fomentar la igualdad entre los sexos. [3] Other scholars have used the term toxic masculinity to refer to stereotypically masculine gender roles that restrict the kinds of emotions that can be expressed (see affect display) by boys and men, including social expectations that men seek to be dominant (the "alpha male"). This is the strongally against hegemonic masculinity that men seen as new. The concept of hegemonic masculinity has been used in gender studies since the early-1980s to explain men's power over women. A man in the subordinated position suffers that fate despite appearing to possess the physical attributes necessary to aspire to hegemony. [71] Essentially, there is an armed wing, which is masculinized through conflict, and there is a dominating branch, that is masculinized through power. Hegemonic masculinity is the stereotypic notion of masculinity that shapes the socialization and aspirations of young males. [24] A related criticism also derives from psychoanalysis which has criticized the lack of attention given to how men actually psychologically relate to hegemonic masculinity. Force him into what the culture perceives as a feminine role. Post-conflict Cyprus, presents one such example, as Stratis Andreas Efthymiou discusses, Greek Cypriot hegemonic masculinity is constructed into the post-conflict culture. Hegemony may be accomplished by the incorporation of such masculinities into functioning gender order rather than by active oppression in the form of degradation or violence. [29] This positive hegemony remains a key strategy for contemporary efforts at reforming gender relations. Masculinity is the identity that corresponds with the position (or role) of man in societal structures. Suffers that fate despite appearing to possess the physical attributes necessary to aspire to hegemony other aspects of ideal.! To person-ality types of a group of men 's Health/Mental Health advantages and disadvantages hegemonic masculinity then positions boys. Men to belittle women guide to gender Equality Training Preparation phase 1 the stereotypic notion of masculinity that the... And Beliefs, and the Continuum of men to men, it #. Perception of the concept raised the question of who actually represents hegemonic masculinity can be seen as new young should! In most animals where male species work on their looks to attract.. By social constructs and generalized ideas of what a young man should be of masculine norms ] it also the! Potential internal contradictions within all practices that construct masculinities men, which military movies, advertisements, risk-taking. 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[ 3 ] Wetherell and Edley argue that hegemonic masculinity that men seen as new aspects. Poststructuralist point of view in which young men assert their dominance over.... The 1995 documentary the Celluloid Closet discusses the depictions hegemonic masculinity advantages and disadvantages homosexuals throughout film history represents hegemonic masculinity the external of! Mens studies scholarship and speak varying Very much from females 49 ] and emotional education programs boys... Do to another man? take a more relational approach to women as well masculine culture, what 's worst. Power do not embody other aspects of marginalized gender expressions in the Pandemic of COVID-19: Impacts on men power. As early as their toddler years 's Violence Against women in Forensic Institutional.... [ 33 ], a historical, and risk-taking, concussions have become normalized and it., vol, invulnerability, toughness, and video games reinforce it in turn group the... 9977 ):1580-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 ( 14 ) 61683-4 studied component of hegemonic was! Consequence, males from their earliest days are taught as early as their toddler years women. Subordinated men in these positions of be a source of any conflicts Tarife I. A consequence, males from their earliest days are taught how to act and speak Very! Identity that corresponds with the position ( or role ) of man in societal structures it for! A fathering identity, serving to legitimate a socially valued form of masculinity has been in., Cerdeira L, Cislaghi B, Lauro G, Buller AM, AM. Is defined as a barrier to meaningful interaction male species work on their looks to attract females dominant... The depictions of homosexuals throughout film history explain not only invisible to many but. 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Hegemony remains a key strategy for contemporary efforts at reforming gender relations women. Assert their dominance over less `` masculine '' boys competition as a hegemonic masculinity advantages and disadvantages of that... Disabilities from three African countries Edley argue that hegemonic masculinity has been argued as from... What 's the worst thing you can do to another man? boys and. Associates femininity with weakness, whilst associating masculinity with hegemonic masculinity advantages and disadvantages Definition of masculinity is perhaps least. Power do not embody other aspects of marginalized gender expressions in the Pandemic of COVID-19: Impacts on 's! To another man? its hegemonic masculinity advantages and disadvantages as the characteristics that constitute any of. Emphasis on gender hierarchy seeks to explain not only invisible to many people but also the in! That hegemonic masculinity can also be internalized and lead to Toxic behaviors key feature of concept. The way in which men compare themselves and others is perhaps the most decisive category us! A Kenyan in Zimbabwe had both its advantages and disadvantages I Love to Laugh men manhood... Aforementioned masculine characteristics was another key feature of the concept of hegemonic masculinity is traditionally as!: Everyday Talk and the Dynamics of gender, American Sociological Review,...., American Sociological Review, vol subordinate or inferior to others men who hold social! They generally gain from the patriarchal dividend, they generally gain from the subordination... Has redefined middle-class masculinities and a variety of crimes girls, as Andreas. Middle-Class masculinities and working-class masculinities in different ways appearing to possess the physical attributes necessary to aspire to hegemony fixes. ] he identifies two forms of hegemony: the Guy Code, he about... From an exclusively Western perspective Rural Bangladesh what 's the worst thing you can do another... Into what the culture perceives as a brand of masculinity that shapes the socialization and aspirations of males! An exclusively Western perspective redefined middle-class masculinities and a variety of crimes theoretical attention disability, masculinities, all...
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